{"id":14494,"date":"2022-12-15T09:33:38","date_gmt":"2022-12-15T08:33:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.freelance-engineering.fr\/blog\/?p=14494"},"modified":"2022-12-21T10:08:15","modified_gmt":"2022-12-21T09:08:15","slug":"bio-impression-3d-greffes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.freelance-engineering.fr\/blog\/bio-impression-3d-greffes\/","title":{"rendered":"Bio-impression : l’impression 3D r\u00e9volutionne les greffes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des imprimantes 3D sp\u00e9cifiques utilisant des \u00ab encres biologiques \u00bb, la bio-impression consiste \u00e0 fabriquer, couche par couche, des tissus biologiques et des organes plus ou moins complexes<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00e9tudes en cours sont formidablement prometteuses, certains r\u00e9sultats laissant entrevoir une application en routine dans un futur tr\u00e8s proche, notamment pour les greffes de peau<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par ailleurs, \u00e0 plus long terme, la communaut\u00e9 scientifique fonde sur cette technique un espoir immense pour obtenir des greffons qui permettront de remplacer les organes<\/strong> les plus complexes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La bio-impression 3D, comment \u00e7a marche ?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Si l\u2019impression 3D a fait son apparition dans les ann\u00e9es 80, elle n\u2019a longtemps concern\u00e9 que des mat\u00e9riaux non biologiques (plastiques, m\u00e9taux, poudre de c\u00e9ramique, polym\u00e8res, b\u00e9ton\u2026) pour fabriquer des objets de la vie courante, des pi\u00e8ces de r\u00e9paration, des maquettes et m\u00eame des maisons. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais, le passage \u00e0 des matrices biologiques<\/strong> qui est en train de se faire constitue un pas en avant extraordinaire pour la m\u00e9decine<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le principe consiste \u00e0 utiliser des \u00ab encres \u00bb biologiques<\/strong> qui peuvent \u00eatre obtenues de diff\u00e9rentes fa\u00e7ons. Sans les citer toutes de mani\u00e8re exhaustive, certaines sont produites par culture de cellules<\/strong>, d\u2019autres sont compos\u00e9es de collag\u00e8ne de porc<\/strong> ou encore de mol\u00e9cules d\u2019origine v\u00e9g\u00e9tale<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Une fois l\u2019encre ad\u00e9quate disponible, la bio-impression<\/strong> correspond \u00e0 l\u2019impression couche par couche, gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une imprimante 3D sp\u00e9cifique, de structures biologiques, tissus ou organes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

En m\u00e9decine, le terme \u00ab tissu \u00bb d\u00e9signe un ensemble homog\u00e8ne de cellules sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es. Ainsi, par exemple, la graisse est un tissu compos\u00e9 d\u2019adipocytes (\u00ab cellules graisseuses \u00bb) qui ont pour r\u00f4le de stocker les lipides. Un \u00ab organe \u00bb est un ensemble de tissus diff\u00e9rents qui assure une ou plusieurs fonctions dans l\u2019organisme.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Les avantages de la bio-impression 3D pour les greffes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Une greffe<\/strong> correspond au remplacement d\u2019un tissu ou d\u2019un organe ab\u00eem\u00e9 par une structure \u00e9quivalente mais saine appel\u00e9e \u00ab greffon \u00bb. Classiquement, selon les cas, le greffon peut provenir de l\u2019organisme receveur<\/strong> lui-m\u00eame ou, au contraire, d\u2019un organisme donneur<\/strong>. On parle alors d\u2019autogreffe<\/strong> dans le premier cas et d\u2019allogreffe<\/strong> dans le second. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

De fa\u00e7on g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, la probabilit\u00e9 de succ\u00e8s d\u2019une autogreffe est sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle d\u2019une allogreffe <\/strong>puisque l\u2019origine du greffon \u00e9carte tout risque de rejet. Sur ce point, la bio-impression offre en th\u00e9orie un immense avantage si l\u2019encre utilis\u00e9e est fabriqu\u00e9e apr\u00e8s culture de cellules provenant de l\u2019organisme receveur<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Par ailleurs, ce sont aussi les d\u00e9lais de mise \u00e0 disposition du greffon <\/strong>que ce nouveau proc\u00e9d\u00e9 vient potentiellement impacter. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Le don d\u2019organes constitue en effet, \u00e0 juste titre, un domaine extr\u00eamement codifi\u00e9 et l\u00e9gif\u00e9r\u00e9. Pratiquement, apr\u00e8s inscription sur une liste nationale regroupant les receveurs potentiels, les patients doivent attendre qu\u2019un greffon soit disponible, en provenance la plupart du temps d\u2019une personne d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9e. Par exemple, en France, le temps d\u2019attente d\u2019une corn\u00e9e peut atteindre plusieurs mois. <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

La bio-impression permettrait en th\u00e9orie de s\u2019affranchir de ce temps de latence et de soigner les patients plus t\u00f4t<\/strong>, en augmentant ainsi les chances de succ\u00e8s du traitement<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bient\u00f4t de nombreuses greffes gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la bio-impression 3D<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

La bio-impression 3D pour les greffes de peau<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

La peau<\/strong> est l\u2019organe le plus \u00e9tendu et le plus lourd du corps humain, constitu\u00e9 de diff\u00e9rents tissus superpos\u00e9s les uns aux autres. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

De multiples \u00e9tudes r\u00e9centes ont consist\u00e9 \u00e0 fabriquer de la peau<\/strong> en utilisant des encres constitu\u00e9es de g\u00e9latine et de cellules humaines (fibroblastes et k\u00e9ratinocytes)<\/strong>. Cela repr\u00e9sente un immense espoir, notamment pour soigner dans le futur les grands br\u00fbl\u00e9s<\/strong>, sans avoir \u00e0 pr\u00e9lever ailleurs sur leur corps les greffons n\u00e9cessaires. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

En effet, il est aujourd\u2019hui possible de cr\u00e9er par bio-impression jusqu\u2019\u00e0 40 cm2<\/sup> de peau, \u00e0 partir d\u2019un pr\u00e9l\u00e8vement cutan\u00e9 initial d\u2019une surface de seulement 1 ou 2 cm2<\/sup>. <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Sur cette base, des essais cliniques vont prochainement d\u00e9marrer en France, suivis d\u2019une possible autorisation de mise sur le march\u00e9 d\u2019ici 3 ou 4 ans<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bio-impression 3D : d\u2019autres applications dans un futur proche<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Outre l\u2019obtention de greffons de peau, la bio-impression fait l\u2019objet d\u2019\u00e9tudes dans de nombreux autres domaines. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ainsi, au Royaume-Uni, des scientifiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 capables d\u2019imprimer en partie une corn\u00e9e humaine<\/strong>. Bien que celle-ci soit d\u00e9pourvue d\u2019endoth\u00e9lium, couche corn\u00e9enne la plus profonde, cela permettrait d\u00e9j\u00e0 de prendre un charge un certain nombre de pathologies<\/strong>, sans toutefois autoriser un remplacement total de cette lentille naturelle essentielle \u00e0 la fonction visuelle. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

La bio-impression est aussi porteuse d\u2019espoir dans le domaine de la reconstruction mammaire<\/strong>, chez les patientes ayant subi une mastectomie au cours du traitement d\u2019un cancer du sein. <\/p>\n<\/div>

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Enfin, sans parler de greffe, certaines \u00e9quipes d\u2019oncologie envisagent de bio-imprimer des tumeurs<\/strong> afin de pouvoir tester in vitro de nouveaux traitements anti-canc\u00e9reux<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\u00c0 lire aussi : 5 entreprises Deep Tech qui vont r\u00e9volutionner 2023<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u00c0 quand la greffe d’organes complexes gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la bio-impression 3D ?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pas \u00e0 pas, la recherche progresse et les r\u00e9sultats se rapprochent de plus en plus du jour o\u00f9 la fiction deviendra r\u00e9alit\u00e9, quand il sera possible de bio-imprimer puis greffer avec succ\u00e8s les organes les plus complexes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mais le chemin est encore long et la communaut\u00e9 m\u00e9dicale s\u2019accorde sur le fait qu\u2019il faudra encore au moins pour cela une dizaine d\u2019ann\u00e9es. N\u00e9anmoins, les r\u00e9alisations de plus en plus complexes <\/strong>de la bio-impression sont sur ce point extr\u00eamement prometteuses<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ainsi, en Australie, des chercheurs ont mis au point une imprimante 3D pour le traitement de la microtie<\/strong>. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019une anomalie qui se produit au cours des 3 premiers mois du d\u00e9veloppement embryonnaire <\/strong>et se traduit par l\u2019absence partielle ou totale du pavillon de l\u2019oreille<\/strong>. Apr\u00e8s pr\u00e9l\u00e8vement de cellules sur le sujet \u00e0 traiter et pr\u00e9paration d\u2019une bio-encre ad\u00e9quate, la m\u00e9thode mise au point permet de bio-imprimer une oreille adapt\u00e9e \u00e0 la forme du visage du patient<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>
\n

Ailleurs, une \u00e9quipe isra\u00e9lienne a \u00e9t\u00e9 capable, \u00e0 partir de cellules non cardiaques pr\u00e9lev\u00e9es sur le patient, de fabriquer des \u00ab patchs<\/strong> \u00bb pouvant \u00eatre utilis\u00e9s pour traiter certaines pathologies du c\u0153ur<\/strong>. <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Il est donc tr\u00e8s vraisemblable que la bio-impression permettra \u00e0 terme d\u2019obtenir des organes complexes. N\u00e9anmoins, un certain nombre d\u2019\u00e9tapes doivent d\u2019ici l\u00e0 \u00eatre franchies. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Notamment, s\u2019il est aujourd\u2019hui en th\u00e9orie possible de bio-imprimer quasiment tous les organes (c\u0153ur, foie\u2026), le probl\u00e8me est de les rendre fonctionnels<\/strong>. En effet, ces ensembles de tissus bio-imprim\u00e9s sont effectivement vivants<\/strong> mais restent passifs<\/strong>. Ainsi, l\u2019\u00e9tape suivante devra consister \u00e0 les rendre actifs, en s\u2019assurant que les cellules et les tissus constitutifs interagissent entre eux<\/strong>, qu\u2019ils se d\u00e9veloppent apr\u00e8s s\u2019\u00eatre vascularis\u00e9s<\/strong>, etc. C\u2019est uniquement lorsque la communaut\u00e9 scientifique aura su \u00ab activer \u00bb ces organes bio-imprim\u00e9s que leur greffe deviendra possible et r\u00e9volutionnera d\u00e9finitivement la m\u00e9decine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

\u00c0 lire aussi : Optog\u00e9n\u00e9tique : bient\u00f4t la fin des handicaps ?<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Freelance Engineering<\/a> est une plateforme qui regroupe pr\u00e8s de 8000 ing\u00e9nieurs freelances \u00e0 disposition des entreprises. 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